Claims on central government, etc. (% GDP) in Upper middle income
Upper middle income: Claims on central government, etc. (% GDP) was 37.8% in 2024. ◆ Volatile
Claims on central government, etc. in Upper middle income, 1965–2024
Source: International Financial Statistics database, International Monetary Fund (IMF). Measured in % GDP.
Analysis
Upper middle income recorded 37.8% for claims on central government, etc. in 2024. That is the highest value across all 60 years on record.
That represents a change of up 7.8% on the previous year and up 264.6% over ten years.
Over the whole period, claims on central government, etc. in Upper middle income peaked at 37.8% in 2024 and was at its lowest, 1.7%, in 1978.
Upper middle income ranks 12th of 47 groups on this measure, in the top quarter.
The series is highly variable year to year, so single readings are best treated with caution.
Claims on central government, etc. (% GDP) in Upper middle income, year by year
| Year | % GDP | Change |
|---|---|---|
| 1965 | 6.4% | — |
| 1966 | 6.5% | +1.2% |
| 1967 | 6.9% | +6.2% |
| 1968 | 6.7% | -4.0% |
| 1969 | 6.7% | +1.2% |
| 1970 | 7.0% | +3.5% |
| 1971 | 6.2% | -11.6% |
| 1972 | 6.7% | +9.0% |
| 1973 | 7.1% | +5.6% |
| 1974 | 5.2% | -26.1% |
| 1975 | 6.0% | +14.6% |
| 1976 | 6.1% | +0.9% |
| 1977 | 3.4% | -44.1% |
| 1978 | 1.7% | -49.9% |
| 1979 | 4.3% | +154.0% |
| 1980 | 5.5% | +28.3% |
| 1981 | 7.4% | +33.7% |
| 1982 | 9.8% | +32.8% |
| 1983 | 9.9% | +0.7% |
| 1984 | 7.5% | -24.3% |
| 1985 | 6.8% | -9.4% |
| 1986 | 16.4% | +141.8% |
| 1987 | 16.1% | -1.9% |
| 1988 | 19.3% | +20.2% |
| 1989 | 22.6% | +16.7% |
| 1990 | 12.7% | -43.8% |
| 1991 | 10.1% | -20.0% |
| 1992 | 9.4% | -6.9% |
| 1993 | 7.6% | -19.0% |
| 1994 | 4.3% | -44.3% |
| 1995 | 4.5% | +6.2% |
| 1996 | 4.0% | -10.4% |
| 1997 | 5.9% | +44.8% |
| 1998 | 11.2% | +91.0% |
| 1999 | 13.1% | +17.0% |
| 2000 | 13.1% | +0.1% |
| 2001 | 15.7% | +20.0% |
| 2002 | 16.8% | +6.6% |
| 2003 | 16.2% | -3.2% |
| 2004 | 14.9% | -8.4% |
| 2005 | 13.4% | -9.9% |
| 2006 | 12.1% | -9.7% |
| 2007 | 12.4% | +2.8% |
| 2008 | 10.6% | -14.9% |
| 2009 | 12.2% | +14.8% |
| 2010 | 11.7% | -3.4% |
| 2011 | 10.7% | -8.5% |
| 2012 | 10.9% | +1.5% |
| 2013 | 9.8% | -9.8% |
| 2014 | 10.4% | +5.5% |
| 2015 | 13.8% | +33.2% |
| 2016 | 19.2% | +38.8% |
| 2017 | 22.0% | +14.7% |
| 2018 | 23.4% | +6.2% |
| 2019 | 25.2% | +8.1% |
| 2020 | 29.9% | +18.6% |
| 2021 | 29.5% | -1.5% |
| 2022 | 31.2% | +5.8% |
| 2023 | 35.1% | +12.5% |
| 2024 | 37.8% | +7.8% |
Biggest year-on-year movements
Years where Claims on central government, etc. (% GDP) in Upper middle income changed far more than this series normally does. A large move can be a real event or a change in how the figure was measured — the source note below says who published it.
| Year | Change | From | To |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1979 | +154.0% | 1.7% | 4.3% |
| 1986 | +141.8% | 6.8% | 16.4% |
Averages by decade
| Decade | Average | Lowest | Highest | Years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1960s | 6.7% | 6.4% | 6.9% | 5 |
| 1970s | 5.4% | 1.7% | 7.1% | 10 |
| 1980s | 12.1% | 5.5% | 22.6% | 10 |
| 1990s | 8.3% | 4.0% | 13.1% | 10 |
| 2000s | 13.7% | 10.6% | 16.8% | 10 |
| 2010s | 15.7% | 9.8% | 25.2% | 10 |
| 2020s | 32.7% | 29.5% | 37.8% | 5 |
Countries ranked near Upper middle income
More financial sector data for Upper middle income
- Net migration 576,949 (2025)
- Domestic credit to private sector by banks 136.8% (2024)
- Total reserves in months of imports 9.94 (2025)
- Monetary Sector credit to private sector 136.9% (2024)
- Broad money 167.9% (2024)
- Total reserves in months of imports, per capita 0 units per person (2025)
- Total reserves in months of imports, annual growth rate 10.98 % change on previous year (2025)
- Total reserves in months of imports, per unit of GDP 0 units per US$ of GDP (2025)
- Domestic credit to private sector 139.0% (2024)
- Net migration, annual growth rate 197.12 % change on previous year (2025)
Frequently asked questions
- What is claims on central government, etc. in Upper middle income?
- Claims on central government, etc. in Upper middle income was 37.8% in 2024, according to International Financial Statistics database, International Monetary Fund (IMF).
- What is the highest claims on central government, etc. recorded in Upper middle income?
- The highest recorded value was 37.8% in 2024.
- What is the lowest claims on central government, etc. recorded in Upper middle income?
- The lowest recorded value was 1.7% in 1978.
- How does Upper middle income rank for claims on central government, etc.?
- Upper middle income ranks 12th out of 47 groups with data for 2024.
- Is claims on central government, etc. rising or falling in Upper middle income?
- Over the last ten years it is up 264.6%. The long-run trend across the full record is volatile.
- Where does this Upper middle income data come from?
- The figures come from International Financial Statistics database, International Monetary Fund (IMF), published as part of Claims on central government, etc. (% GDP). Statizoid updates them automatically from the source API.
Download this data
CSV · JSON — 60 observations, free to reuse under CC BY 4.0 (World Bank Open Data).
About this data
Claims on central government include loans to central government institutions net of deposits. This indicator is expressed as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period.