Claims on central government, etc. (% GDP) by country
Claims on central government include loans to central government institutions net of deposits. This indicator is expressed as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period.
Countries reporting
187
Highest
117.4%
Japan
Lowest
-79.5%
Macao
Median
9.5%
Years covered
66
1960–2025
Data points
11,512
What the numbers show
Claims on central government, etc. (% GDP) is currently reported for 187 countries. The highest value is 117.4% in Japan; the lowest is -79.5% in Macao.
The median across all reporting countries is 9.5%, and the mean is 11.9%.
Over the past decade 136 countries rose and 51 fell. The largest increase was in Bolivia (up 6,796.7%), and the largest decrease in Mongolia (down 2,347.4%).
Claims on central government, etc. (% GDP): full country ranking
| # | Country | Latest | Year | 10-year change | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Japan | 117.4% | 2025 | down 11.4% | volatile |
| 2 | Eritrea | 104.1% | 2014 | up 16.1% | rising |
| 3 | Maldives | 57.4% | 2025 | up 95.2% | volatile |
| 4 | South Sudan | 57.3% | 2025 | up 82.4% | volatile |
| 5 | Brazil | 55.5% | 2025 | up 104.3% | volatile |
| 6 | United States | 54.2% | 2025 | up 53.9% | rising |
| 7 | Italy | 50.8% | 2024 | up 24.4% | volatile |
| 8 | Egypt | 48.2% | 2025 | down 20.6% | rising |
| 9 | El Salvador | 47.6% | 2025 | up 37.5% | volatile |
| 10 | Thailand | 46.6% | 2025 | up 175.4% | volatile |
| 11 | China | 46.0% | 2024 | up 447.9% | volatile |
| 12 | Fiji | 43.4% | 2025 | up 69.9% | volatile |
| 13 | Algeria | 42.4% | 2025 | up 1,240.4% | volatile |
| 14 | Mauritius | 40.9% | 2025 | up 315.4% | volatile |
| 15 | Spain | 37.2% | 2024 | up 40.6% | volatile |
| 16 | Lebanon | 37.1% | 2018 | down 62.0% | rising |
| 17 | Pakistan | 36.0% | 2025 | up 36.2% | rising |
| 18 | Brunei | 33.3% | 2025 | up 913.9% | volatile |
| 19 | Philippines | 32.6% | 2025 | up 260.0% | volatile |
| 20 | Qatar | 31.6% | 2025 | up 40.6% | volatile |
| 21 | Bolivia | 29.8% | 2025 | up 6,796.7% | volatile |
| 22 | France | 29.0% | 2024 | up 204.0% | volatile |
| 23 | Tunisia | 28.9% | 2025 | up 332.6% | volatile |
| 24 | Mexico | 28.6% | 2025 | up 84.9% | volatile |
| 25 | Portugal | 28.3% | 2024 | up 187.1% | volatile |
| 26 | Nepal | 28.2% | 2025 | up 324.0% | volatile |
| 27 | Malawi | 27.9% | 2024 | up 1,033.5% | volatile |
| 28 | Gambia | 27.6% | 2024 | up 2.5% | volatile |
| 29 | Jordan | 27.0% | 2025 | down 5.8% | volatile |
| 30 | Dominican Republic | 26.8% | 2025 | up 36.7% | volatile |
| 31 | Myanmar | 26.1% | 2020 | up 27.7% | volatile |
| 32 | Central African Republic | 25.5% | 2022 | up 116.7% | volatile |
| 33 | Bahamas | 23.4% | 2024 | up 29.9% | volatile |
| 34 | Burundi | 23.0% | 2025 | up 51.3% | volatile |
| 35 | Argentina | 23.0% | 2025 | down 7.3% | volatile |
| 36 | Chile | 22.7% | 2025 | up 116.7% | volatile |
| 37 | Kenya | 22.4% | 2023 | up 165.6% | volatile |
| 38 | North Macedonia | 22.2% | 2025 | up 161.1% | volatile |
| 39 | United Kingdom | 21.9% | 2024 | down 23.2% | volatile |
| 40 | Albania | 21.5% | 2024 | down 32.1% | falling |
| 41 | Mozambique | 21.2% | 2025 | up 490.3% | volatile |
| 42 | Yemen | 21.2% | 2013 | up 3,691.5% | volatile |
| 43 | Sri Lanka | 21.2% | 2019 | up 59.6% | falling |
| 44 | Belgium | 21.2% | 2024 | up 52.2% | flat |
| 45 | Barbados | 21.0% | 2023 | down 6.1% | volatile |
| 46 | Slovakia | 21.0% | 2024 | up 76.0% | rising |
| 47 | Morocco | 20.9% | 2025 | down 34.7% | rising |
| 48 | Guinea | 20.8% | 2025 | up 28.5% | volatile |
| 49 | Costa Rica | 20.2% | 2025 | up 28.1% | volatile |
| 50 | India | 20.0% | 2025 | down 15.5% | rising |
| 51 | Greece | 19.9% | 2024 | up 49.5% | volatile |
| 52 | Senegal | 19.3% | 2025 | up 902.7% | volatile |
| 53 | Sierra Leone | 19.2% | 2025 | up 160.5% | volatile |
| 54 | Namibia | 18.1% | 2025 | up 780.5% | volatile |
| 55 | Austria | 17.7% | 2024 | up 117.9% | volatile |
| 56 | Malaysia | 17.6% | 2025 | up 97.0% | volatile |
| 57 | Botswana | 17.4% | 2025 | up 167.0% | volatile |
| 58 | Papua New Guinea | 17.4% | 2024 | up 46.7% | volatile |
| 59 | Congo | 17.2% | 2023 | up 216.4% | volatile |
| 60 | Hungary | 17.1% | 2024 | up 32.2% | volatile |
| 61 | Liberia | 16.8% | 2022 | up 196.8% | volatile |
| 62 | Palestine | 16.8% | 2025 | up 141.4% | volatile |
| 63 | Belize | 16.7% | 2025 | up 141.8% | volatile |
| 64 | Bahrain | 16.4% | 2015 | up 988.2% | volatile |
| 65 | Singapore | 16.2% | 2020 | up 206.4% | volatile |
| 66 | Bangladesh | 15.9% | 2025 | up 12.6% | volatile |
| 67 | Canada | 15.4% | 2008 | up 11.0% | rising |
| 68 | Ethiopia | 14.8% | 2008 | down 10.8% | volatile |
| 69 | Guyana | 14.8% | 2025 | up 38.0% | volatile |
| 70 | Syria | 14.1% | 2011 | up 1,402.0% | volatile |
| 71 | Trinidad and Tobago | 14.1% | 2025 | up 344.0% | volatile |
| 72 | Malta | 13.8% | 2024 | down 37.8% | falling |
| 73 | Slovenia | 13.8% | 2024 | up 82.7% | volatile |
| 74 | Cote d'Ivoire | 13.3% | 2025 | up 144.4% | volatile |
| 75 | Israel | 13.2% | 2025 | up 154.1% | volatile |
| 76 | Finland | 13.0% | 2024 | up 1,082.2% | volatile |
| 77 | Turkey | 12.9% | 2025 | up 31.9% | volatile |
| 78 | Ghana | 12.8% | 2024 | up 17.5% | rising |
| 79 | Ukraine | 12.7% | 2025 | down 46.1% | volatile |
| 80 | Chad | 12.6% | 2021 | up 2,407.6% | volatile |
| 81 | Poland | 12.5% | 2024 | up 27.4% | rising |
| 82 | Indonesia | 12.3% | 2025 | up 115.3% | volatile |
| 83 | Armenia | 12.3% | 2025 | up 484.1% | volatile |
| 84 | Mali | 12.3% | 2025 | up 4,138.6% | volatile |
| 85 | Czechia | 11.9% | 2024 | down 11.3% | volatile |
| 86 | Netherlands | 11.9% | 2024 | up 55.1% | volatile |
| 87 | Germany | 11.8% | 2023 | up 904.5% | volatile |
| 88 | New Zealand | 11.7% | 2025 | up 115.4% | volatile |
| 89 | Cyprus | 11.6% | 2024 | down 50.9% | falling |
| 90 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 11.0% | 2025 | up 108.7% | volatile |
| 91 | Kazakhstan | 10.5% | 2025 | up 184.0% | volatile |
| 92 | Guinea-Bissau | 10.4% | 2025 | down 24.4% | volatile |
| 93 | Seychelles | 10.1% | 2025 | up 47.6% | volatile |
| 94 | Gabon | 9.5% | 2019 | up 456.4% | volatile |
| 95 | Togo | 9.5% | 2025 | up 429.9% | volatile |
| 96 | Dominica | 9.5% | 2025 | up 409.9% | volatile |
| 97 | Zambia | 9.1% | 2025 | down 6.4% | volatile |
| 98 | Uganda | 9.0% | 2025 | up 46.6% | volatile |
| 99 | Haiti | 9.0% | 2025 | up 98.3% | volatile |
| 100 | Croatia | 8.7% | 2024 | down 48.6% | falling |
| 101 | Guatemala | 8.6% | 2025 | up 1.2% | volatile |
| 102 | Nigeria | 8.6% | 2022 | up 696.2% | volatile |
| 103 | Sao Tome and Principe | 8.6% | 2023 | up 284.9% | volatile |
| 104 | Cape Verde | 8.5% | 2025 | down 51.0% | volatile |
| 105 | Iran | 8.2% | 2016 | up 380.3% | volatile |
| 106 | Australia | 8.0% | 2025 | up 437.5% | volatile |
| 107 | Jamaica | 7.9% | 2025 | down 46.8% | volatile |
| 108 | Ireland | 7.9% | 2024 | down 63.3% | volatile |
| 109 | Angola | 7.8% | 2025 | up 626.5% | volatile |
| 110 | Venezuela | 7.3% | 2013 | up 1,388.0% | volatile |
| 111 | Iraq | 7.2% | 2024 | up 177.9% | volatile |
| 112 | Romania | 6.9% | 2025 | up 33.6% | volatile |
| 113 | Bhutan | 6.8% | 2025 | up 223.2% | volatile |
| 114 | Colombia | 6.8% | 2025 | down 55.4% | volatile |
| 115 | Sudan | 6.6% | 2022 | down 49.8% | volatile |
| 116 | Uruguay | 6.5% | 2025 | down 60.9% | volatile |
| 117 | Burkina Faso | 6.5% | 2025 | up 1,783.3% | volatile |
| 118 | Georgia | 6.4% | 2025 | up 132.0% | volatile |
| 119 | South Africa | 6.3% | 2025 | down 54.7% | rising |
| 120 | Djibouti | 6.2% | 2025 | up 2,201.5% | volatile |
| 121 | Niger | 5.9% | 2025 | up 2,795.8% | volatile |
| 122 | Madagascar | 5.7% | 2024 | up 29.5% | volatile |
| 123 | Antigua and Barbuda | 5.7% | 2025 | down 33.7% | falling |
| 124 | Tanzania | 5.6% | 2024 | up 26.0% | volatile |
| 125 | Suriname | 5.2% | 2025 | down 65.6% | volatile |
| 126 | Mauritania | 5.1% | 2019 | down 63.6% | volatile |
| 127 | Sweden | 5.1% | 2024 | up 256.8% | volatile |
| 128 | Ecuador | 4.9% | 2025 | up 168.6% | volatile |
| 129 | Switzerland | 4.2% | 2016 | down 59.8% | falling |
| 130 | Comoros | 4.2% | 2024 | up 109.5% | volatile |
| 131 | Equatorial Guinea | 3.9% | 2023 | up 139.9% | volatile |
| 132 | Lithuania | 3.9% | 2024 | up 445.2% | volatile |
| 133 | Bulgaria | 3.9% | 2024 | up 1,735.1% | volatile |
| 134 | Cameroon | 3.7% | 2019 | up 186.9% | volatile |
| 135 | Latvia | 3.5% | 2024 | up 242.6% | volatile |
| 136 | South Korea | 3.4% | 2024 | up 804.2% | volatile |
| 137 | Kosovo | 3.3% | 2025 | up 168.3% | volatile |
| 137 | Kosovo (UNSCR 1244) | 3.3% | 2025 | up 168.3% | volatile |
| 139 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 2.6% | 2025 | up 92.4% | volatile |
| 140 | Eswatini | 2.5% | 2025 | up 145.4% | volatile |
| 141 | Aruba | 2.0% | 2023 | up 33.9% | volatile |
| 142 | Benin | 2.0% | 2025 | up 204.1% | volatile |
| 143 | Democratic Republic of Congo | 1.5% | 2023 | up 1.2% | volatile |
| 144 | Zimbabwe | 1.4% | 2023 | down 81.5% | volatile |
| 145 | Serbia | 1.3% | 2025 | down 68.8% | volatile |
| 146 | Moldova | 1.3% | 2025 | up 199.2% | volatile |
| 147 | Honduras | 1.1% | 2025 | up 158.9% | volatile |
| 148 | Vietnam | 0.9% | 2022 | down 89.0% | volatile |
| 149 | Solomon Islands | 0.8% | 2024 | up 105.9% | volatile |
| 150 | Rwanda | 0.7% | 2025 | up 126.9% | volatile |
| 151 | Montenegro | 0.6% | 2024 | down 66.4% | volatile |
| 152 | Libya | -0.4% | 2025 | up 98.9% | volatile |
| 153 | Peru | -0.6% | 2024 | up 94.7% | volatile |
| 154 | Somalia | -0.9% | 2024 | down 26.9% | volatile |
| 155 | Laos | -0.9% | 2010 | up 79.5% | volatile |
| 156 | Kyrgyzstan | -2.0% | 2024 | up 61.2% | volatile |
| 157 | Luxembourg | -2.4% | 2024 | down 2,168.3% | volatile |
| 158 | Estonia | -2.8% | 2024 | up 30.6% | falling |
| 159 | Tajikistan | -3.0% | 2023 | down 130.2% | volatile |
| 160 | Nicaragua | -3.3% | 2024 | down 126.5% | volatile |
| 161 | Azerbaijan | -3.8% | 2025 | up 70.4% | volatile |
| 162 | Iceland | -3.9% | 2025 | up 27.9% | volatile |
| 163 | Paraguay | -4.1% | 2025 | up 38.8% | volatile |
| 164 | Vanuatu | -4.8% | 2024 | down 258.5% | volatile |
| 165 | Belarus | -5.8% | 2021 | up 74.0% | volatile |
| 166 | Denmark | -5.8% | 2024 | up 28.5% | volatile |
| 167 | United Arab Emirates | -5.9% | 2024 | down 529.7% | volatile |
| 168 | Russia | -6.5% | 2021 | up 12.4% | volatile |
| 169 | Afghanistan | -8.3% | 2020 | down 21.2% | rising |
| 170 | Mongolia | -8.3% | 2024 | down 2,347.4% | volatile |
| 171 | Oman | -10.7% | 2024 | up 18.2% | volatile |
| 172 | Panama | -11.4% | 2020 | down 197.3% | volatile |
| 173 | Saint Lucia | -11.6% | 2025 | down 338.2% | volatile |
| 174 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | -11.6% | 2025 | up 34.9% | volatile |
| 175 | Uzbekistan | -12.1% | 2025 | up 51.0% | rising |
| 176 | Cambodia | -12.9% | 2025 | down 74.7% | volatile |
| 177 | Norway | -15.0% | 2024 | down 45.1% | volatile |
| 178 | Saudi Arabia | -15.8% | 2017 | up 32.4% | volatile |
| 179 | Kuwait | -16.9% | 2025 | down 10.1% | volatile |
| 180 | Lesotho | -18.2% | 2024 | up 2.9% | volatile |
| 181 | Hong Kong | -18.4% | 2025 | down 564.2% | volatile |
| 182 | Grenada | -19.2% | 2025 | down 685.8% | volatile |
| 183 | Samoa | -19.4% | 2025 | down 394.9% | volatile |
| 184 | Tonga | -20.9% | 2025 | down 239.4% | volatile |
| 185 | Micronesia (country) | -22.6% | 2021 | up 42.4% | falling |
| 186 | East Timor | -49.6% | 2025 | down 132.7% | falling |
| 187 | Macao | -79.5% | 2025 | up 14.8% | volatile |
Regions and income groups
Aggregates are excluded from the country ranking above so that a region can never outrank a country.
- North America 54.2%
- East Asia & Pacific 49.5%
- Post-demographic dividend 45.8%
- OECD members 43.6%
- High income 43.2%
- East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income) 42.5%
- East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries) 42.5%
- World 40.0%
- Late-demographic dividend 39.1%
- Upper middle income 37.8%
- Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan (IDA & IBRD) 36.5%
- Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan (excluding high income) 36.2%
- Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income) 35.1%
- Middle income 35.0%
- Low & middle income 34.9%
- IBRD only 34.7%
- IDA & IBRD total 33.7%
- Latin America & Caribbean 33.6%
- Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries) 33.6%
- Euro area 28.9%
- European Union 24.7%
- Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan 23.0%
- Europe & Central Asia 21.7%
- Lower middle income 20.8%
- Early-demographic dividend 20.1%
- South Asia 19.7%
- South Asia (IDA & IBRD) 19.7%
- Africa Eastern and Southern 19.1%
- Pacific island small states 19.0%
- Arab World 15.7%
- IDA blend 14.8%
- IDA total 14.5%
- Sub-Saharan Africa 12.2%
- Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD countries) 12.2%
- Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income) 12.2%
- Least developed countries 12.1%
- IDA only 12.1%
- Caribbean Small States 11.5%
- Central Europe and the Baltics 11.1%
- Heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) 10.9%
About this data
Claims on central government include loans to central government institutions net of deposits. This indicator is expressed as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period.