Claims on central government, etc. (% GDP) by country
Claims on central government include loans to central government institutions net of deposits. This indicator is expressed as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period.
Countries reporting
186
Highest
117.4%
Japan
Lowest
-79.5%
Macau (China)
Median
9.8%
Years covered
66
1960–2025
Data points
11,494
What the numbers show
Claims on central government, etc. (% GDP) is currently reported for 186 countries. The highest value is 117.4% in Japan; the lowest is -79.5% in Macau (China).
The median across all reporting countries is 9.8%, and the mean is 12.0%.
Over the past decade 135 countries rose and 51 fell. The largest increase was in Bolivia (Plurinational State of) (up 6,796.7%), and the largest decrease in Mongolia (down 2,347.4%).
Claims on central government, etc.: full country ranking
| # | Country | Latest | Year | 10-year change | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Japan | 117.4% | 2025 | down 11.4% | volatile |
| 2 | Eritrea | 104.1% | 2014 | up 16.1% | rising |
| 3 | Maldives | 57.4% | 2025 | up 95.2% | volatile |
| 4 | South Sudan | 57.3% | 2025 | up 82.4% | volatile |
| 5 | Brazil | 55.5% | 2025 | up 104.3% | volatile |
| 6 | United States | 54.2% | 2025 | up 53.9% | rising |
| 7 | Italy | 50.8% | 2024 | up 24.4% | volatile |
| 8 | Egypt | 48.2% | 2025 | down 20.6% | rising |
| 9 | El Salvador | 47.6% | 2025 | up 37.5% | volatile |
| 10 | Thailand | 46.6% | 2025 | up 175.4% | volatile |
| 11 | China | 46.0% | 2024 | up 447.9% | volatile |
| 12 | Fiji | 43.4% | 2025 | up 69.9% | volatile |
| 13 | Algeria | 42.4% | 2025 | up 1,240.4% | volatile |
| 14 | Mauritius | 40.9% | 2025 | up 315.4% | volatile |
| 15 | Spain | 37.2% | 2024 | up 40.6% | volatile |
| 16 | Lebanon | 37.1% | 2018 | down 62.0% | rising |
| 17 | Pakistan | 36.0% | 2025 | up 36.2% | rising |
| 18 | Brunei Darussalam | 33.3% | 2025 | up 913.9% | volatile |
| 19 | Philippines | 32.6% | 2025 | up 260.0% | volatile |
| 20 | Qatar | 31.6% | 2025 | up 40.6% | volatile |
| 21 | Bolivia (Plurinational State of) | 29.8% | 2025 | up 6,796.7% | volatile |
| 22 | France | 29.0% | 2024 | up 204.0% | volatile |
| 23 | Tunisia | 28.9% | 2025 | up 332.6% | volatile |
| 24 | Mexico | 28.6% | 2025 | up 84.9% | volatile |
| 25 | Portugal | 28.3% | 2024 | up 187.1% | volatile |
| 26 | Nepal | 28.2% | 2025 | up 324.0% | volatile |
| 27 | Malawi | 27.9% | 2024 | up 1,033.5% | volatile |
| 28 | Gambia | 27.6% | 2024 | up 2.5% | volatile |
| 29 | Jordan | 27.0% | 2025 | down 5.8% | volatile |
| 30 | Dominican Republic | 26.8% | 2025 | up 36.7% | volatile |
| 31 | Myanmar | 26.1% | 2020 | up 27.7% | volatile |
| 32 | Central African Republic | 25.5% | 2022 | up 116.7% | volatile |
| 33 | Bahamas | 23.4% | 2024 | up 29.9% | volatile |
| 34 | Burundi | 23.0% | 2025 | up 51.3% | volatile |
| 35 | Argentina | 23.0% | 2025 | down 7.3% | volatile |
| 36 | Chile | 22.7% | 2025 | up 116.7% | volatile |
| 37 | Kenya | 22.4% | 2023 | up 165.6% | volatile |
| 38 | North Macedonia | 22.2% | 2025 | up 161.1% | volatile |
| 39 | United Kingdom | 21.9% | 2024 | down 23.2% | volatile |
| 40 | Albania | 21.5% | 2024 | down 32.1% | falling |
| 41 | Mozambique | 21.2% | 2025 | up 490.3% | volatile |
| 42 | Yemen | 21.2% | 2013 | up 3,691.5% | volatile |
| 43 | Sri Lanka | 21.2% | 2019 | up 59.6% | falling |
| 44 | Belgium | 21.2% | 2024 | up 52.2% | flat |
| 45 | Barbados | 21.0% | 2023 | down 6.1% | volatile |
| 46 | Slovakia | 21.0% | 2024 | up 76.0% | rising |
| 47 | Morocco | 20.9% | 2025 | down 34.7% | rising |
| 48 | Guinea | 20.8% | 2025 | up 28.5% | volatile |
| 49 | Costa Rica | 20.2% | 2025 | up 28.1% | volatile |
| 50 | India | 20.0% | 2025 | down 15.5% | rising |
| 51 | Greece | 19.9% | 2024 | up 49.5% | volatile |
| 52 | Senegal | 19.3% | 2025 | up 902.7% | volatile |
| 53 | Sierra Leone | 19.2% | 2025 | up 160.5% | volatile |
| 54 | Namibia | 18.1% | 2025 | up 780.5% | volatile |
| 55 | Austria | 17.7% | 2024 | up 117.9% | volatile |
| 56 | Malaysia | 17.6% | 2025 | up 97.0% | volatile |
| 57 | Botswana | 17.4% | 2025 | up 167.0% | volatile |
| 58 | Papua New Guinea | 17.4% | 2024 | up 46.7% | volatile |
| 59 | Congo | 17.2% | 2023 | up 216.4% | volatile |
| 60 | Hungary | 17.1% | 2024 | up 32.2% | volatile |
| 61 | Liberia | 16.8% | 2022 | up 196.8% | volatile |
| 62 | Palestine, State of | 16.8% | 2025 | up 141.4% | volatile |
| 63 | Belize | 16.7% | 2025 | up 141.8% | volatile |
| 64 | Bahrain | 16.4% | 2015 | up 988.2% | volatile |
| 65 | Singapore | 16.2% | 2020 | up 206.4% | volatile |
| 66 | Bangladesh | 15.9% | 2025 | up 12.6% | volatile |
| 67 | Canada | 15.4% | 2008 | up 11.0% | rising |
| 68 | Ethiopia | 14.8% | 2008 | down 10.8% | volatile |
| 69 | Guyana | 14.8% | 2025 | up 38.0% | volatile |
| 70 | Syrian Arab Republic | 14.1% | 2011 | up 1,402.0% | volatile |
| 71 | Trinidad and Tobago | 14.1% | 2025 | up 344.0% | volatile |
| 72 | Malta | 13.8% | 2024 | down 37.8% | falling |
| 73 | Slovenia | 13.8% | 2024 | up 82.7% | volatile |
| 74 | Côte d'Ivoire | 13.3% | 2025 | up 144.4% | volatile |
| 75 | Israel | 13.2% | 2025 | up 154.1% | volatile |
| 76 | Finland | 13.0% | 2024 | up 1,082.2% | volatile |
| 77 | Türkiye | 12.9% | 2025 | up 31.9% | volatile |
| 78 | Ghana | 12.8% | 2024 | up 17.5% | rising |
| 79 | Ukraine | 12.7% | 2025 | down 46.1% | volatile |
| 80 | Chad | 12.6% | 2021 | up 2,407.6% | volatile |
| 81 | Poland | 12.5% | 2024 | up 27.4% | rising |
| 82 | Indonesia | 12.3% | 2025 | up 115.3% | volatile |
| 83 | Armenia | 12.3% | 2025 | up 484.1% | volatile |
| 84 | Mali | 12.3% | 2025 | up 4,138.6% | volatile |
| 85 | Czechia | 11.9% | 2024 | down 11.3% | volatile |
| 86 | Netherlands | 11.9% | 2024 | up 55.1% | volatile |
| 87 | Germany | 11.8% | 2023 | up 904.5% | volatile |
| 88 | New Zealand | 11.7% | 2025 | up 115.4% | volatile |
| 89 | Cyprus | 11.6% | 2024 | down 50.9% | falling |
| 90 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 11.0% | 2025 | up 108.7% | volatile |
| 91 | Kazakhstan | 10.5% | 2025 | up 184.0% | volatile |
| 92 | Guinea-Bissau | 10.4% | 2025 | down 24.4% | volatile |
| 93 | Seychelles | 10.1% | 2025 | up 47.6% | volatile |
| 94 | Gabon | 9.5% | 2019 | up 456.4% | volatile |
| 95 | Togo | 9.5% | 2025 | up 429.9% | volatile |
| 96 | Dominica | 9.5% | 2025 | up 409.9% | volatile |
| 97 | Zambia | 9.1% | 2025 | down 6.4% | volatile |
| 98 | Uganda | 9.0% | 2025 | up 46.6% | volatile |
| 99 | Haiti | 9.0% | 2025 | up 98.3% | volatile |
| 100 | Croatia | 8.7% | 2024 | down 48.6% | falling |
| 101 | Guatemala | 8.6% | 2025 | up 1.2% | volatile |
| 102 | Nigeria | 8.6% | 2022 | up 696.2% | volatile |
| 103 | Sao Tome and Principe | 8.6% | 2023 | up 284.9% | volatile |
| 104 | Cabo Verde | 8.5% | 2025 | down 51.0% | volatile |
| 105 | Iran (Islamic Republic of) | 8.2% | 2016 | up 380.3% | volatile |
| 106 | Australia | 8.0% | 2025 | up 437.5% | volatile |
| 107 | Jamaica | 7.9% | 2025 | down 46.8% | volatile |
| 108 | Ireland | 7.9% | 2024 | down 63.3% | volatile |
| 109 | Angola | 7.8% | 2025 | up 626.5% | volatile |
| 110 | Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) | 7.3% | 2013 | up 1,388.0% | volatile |
| 111 | Iraq | 7.2% | 2024 | up 177.9% | volatile |
| 112 | Romania | 6.9% | 2025 | up 33.6% | volatile |
| 113 | Bhutan | 6.8% | 2025 | up 223.2% | volatile |
| 114 | Colombia | 6.8% | 2025 | down 55.4% | volatile |
| 115 | Sudan | 6.6% | 2022 | down 49.8% | volatile |
| 116 | Uruguay | 6.5% | 2025 | down 60.9% | volatile |
| 117 | Burkina Faso | 6.5% | 2025 | up 1,783.3% | volatile |
| 118 | Georgia | 6.4% | 2025 | up 132.0% | volatile |
| 119 | South Africa | 6.3% | 2025 | down 54.7% | rising |
| 120 | Djibouti | 6.2% | 2025 | up 2,201.5% | volatile |
| 121 | Niger | 5.9% | 2025 | up 2,795.8% | volatile |
| 122 | Madagascar | 5.7% | 2024 | up 29.5% | volatile |
| 123 | Antigua and Barbuda | 5.7% | 2025 | down 33.7% | falling |
| 124 | Tanzania, United Republic of | 5.6% | 2024 | up 26.0% | volatile |
| 125 | Suriname | 5.2% | 2025 | down 65.6% | volatile |
| 126 | Mauritania | 5.1% | 2019 | down 63.6% | volatile |
| 127 | Sweden | 5.1% | 2024 | up 256.8% | volatile |
| 128 | Ecuador | 4.9% | 2025 | up 168.6% | volatile |
| 129 | Switzerland | 4.2% | 2016 | down 59.8% | falling |
| 130 | Comoros | 4.2% | 2024 | up 109.5% | volatile |
| 131 | Equatorial Guinea | 3.9% | 2023 | up 139.9% | volatile |
| 132 | Lithuania | 3.9% | 2024 | up 445.2% | volatile |
| 133 | Bulgaria | 3.9% | 2024 | up 1,735.1% | volatile |
| 134 | Cameroon | 3.7% | 2019 | up 186.9% | volatile |
| 135 | Latvia | 3.5% | 2024 | up 242.6% | volatile |
| 136 | Korea | 3.4% | 2024 | up 804.2% | volatile |
| 137 | Kosovo | 3.3% | 2025 | up 168.3% | volatile |
| 138 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 2.6% | 2025 | up 92.4% | volatile |
| 139 | Eswatini | 2.5% | 2025 | up 145.4% | volatile |
| 140 | Aruba | 2.0% | 2023 | up 33.9% | volatile |
| 141 | Benin | 2.0% | 2025 | up 204.1% | volatile |
| 142 | Congo, Democratic Republic of the | 1.5% | 2023 | up 1.2% | volatile |
| 143 | Zimbabwe | 1.4% | 2023 | down 81.5% | volatile |
| 144 | Serbia | 1.3% | 2025 | down 68.8% | volatile |
| 145 | Republic of Moldova | 1.3% | 2025 | up 199.2% | volatile |
| 146 | Honduras | 1.1% | 2025 | up 158.9% | volatile |
| 147 | Viet Nam | 0.9% | 2022 | down 89.0% | volatile |
| 148 | Solomon Islands | 0.8% | 2024 | up 105.9% | volatile |
| 149 | Rwanda | 0.7% | 2025 | up 126.9% | volatile |
| 150 | Montenegro | 0.6% | 2024 | down 66.4% | volatile |
| 151 | Libya | -0.4% | 2025 | up 98.9% | volatile |
| 152 | Peru | -0.6% | 2024 | up 94.7% | volatile |
| 153 | Somalia | -0.9% | 2024 | down 26.9% | volatile |
| 154 | Lao People's Democratic Republic | -0.9% | 2010 | up 79.5% | volatile |
| 155 | Kyrgyzstan | -2.0% | 2024 | up 61.2% | volatile |
| 156 | Luxembourg | -2.4% | 2024 | down 2,168.3% | volatile |
| 157 | Estonia | -2.8% | 2024 | up 30.6% | falling |
| 158 | Tajikistan | -3.0% | 2023 | down 130.2% | volatile |
| 159 | Nicaragua | -3.3% | 2024 | down 126.5% | volatile |
| 160 | Azerbaijan | -3.8% | 2025 | up 70.4% | volatile |
| 161 | Iceland | -3.9% | 2025 | up 27.9% | volatile |
| 162 | Paraguay | -4.1% | 2025 | up 38.8% | volatile |
| 163 | Vanuatu | -4.8% | 2024 | down 258.5% | volatile |
| 164 | Belarus | -5.8% | 2021 | up 74.0% | volatile |
| 165 | Denmark | -5.8% | 2024 | up 28.5% | volatile |
| 166 | United Arab Emirates | -5.9% | 2024 | down 529.7% | volatile |
| 167 | Russian Federation | -6.5% | 2021 | up 12.4% | volatile |
| 168 | Afghanistan | -8.3% | 2020 | down 21.2% | rising |
| 169 | Mongolia | -8.3% | 2024 | down 2,347.4% | volatile |
| 170 | Oman | -10.7% | 2024 | up 18.2% | volatile |
| 171 | Panama | -11.4% | 2020 | down 197.3% | volatile |
| 172 | Saint Lucia | -11.6% | 2025 | down 338.2% | volatile |
| 173 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | -11.6% | 2025 | up 34.9% | volatile |
| 174 | Uzbekistan | -12.1% | 2025 | up 51.0% | rising |
| 175 | Cambodia | -12.9% | 2025 | down 74.7% | volatile |
| 176 | Norway | -15.0% | 2024 | down 45.1% | volatile |
| 177 | Saudi Arabia | -15.8% | 2017 | up 32.4% | volatile |
| 178 | Kuwait | -16.9% | 2025 | down 10.1% | volatile |
| 179 | Lesotho | -18.2% | 2024 | up 2.9% | volatile |
| 180 | Hong Kong (China) | -18.4% | 2025 | down 564.2% | volatile |
| 181 | Grenada | -19.2% | 2025 | down 685.8% | volatile |
| 182 | Samoa | -19.4% | 2025 | down 394.9% | volatile |
| 183 | Tonga | -20.9% | 2025 | down 239.4% | volatile |
| 184 | Micronesia (Federated States of) | -22.6% | 2021 | up 42.4% | falling |
| 185 | Timor-Leste | -49.6% | 2025 | down 132.7% | falling |
| 186 | Macau (China) | -79.5% | 2025 | up 14.8% | volatile |
Regions and income groups
Aggregates are excluded from the country ranking above so that a region can never outrank a country.
- North America 54.2%
- East Asia & Pacific 49.5%
- Post-demographic dividend 45.8%
- OECD members 43.6%
- High income 43.2%
- East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income) 42.5%
- East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries) 42.5%
- World 40.0%
- Late-demographic dividend 39.1%
- Upper middle income 37.8%
- Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan (IDA & IBRD) 36.5%
- Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan (excluding high income) 36.2%
About this data
Claims on central government include loans to central government institutions net of deposits. This indicator is expressed as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period.